4. Pacem in Terris 
English title: Peace on Earth
Encyclical Letter of Pope John XXIII, April 11 1963
The common good is chiefly guaranteed when personal rights and duties are maintained. The chief concern of
civil authorities must therefore be to ensure that these rights are acknowledged, respected, coordinated with
other rights, defended and promoted, so that in this way
each one may more easily carry out his duties.
For to safeguard the inviolable rights of the human person, and to facilitate the fulfillment of his duties, should be the chief duty of every public authority." (#60)
Beginning our discussion of the rights of man, we see that every
person has the right to life, to bodily integrity, and to the means
which are suitable for the proper development of life; these are
primarily food, clothing, shelter, rest, medical care, and finally the
necessary social services. Therefore a human being also has the
right to security in cases of sickness, inability to work, widowhood,
old age, unemployment, or in any other case in which one is deprived
of the means of subsistence through no fault of one's own. (#11)
Any human society, if it is to be well-ordered and productive, must
lay down as a foundation this principle, namely, that every human
being is a person; that is, human nature is endowed with intelligence
and free will. Indeed, precisely because one is a person one has rights
and obligations flowing directly and simultaneously from one's very
nature. And as these rights and obligations are universal and inviolable,
so they cannot in any way be surrendered. (#8-10)
This means that, if any government does not acknowledge the rights
of the human person or violates them, it not only fails in its duty, but
its orders completely lack juridical force. (#61)
It is also demanded by the common good that civil authorities should
make earnest efforts to bring about a situation in which individual
citizens can easily exercise their rights and fulfill their duties as well.
For experience has taught us that, unless these authorities take
suitable action with regard to economic, political and cultural matters,
inequalities between the citizens tend to become more and more
widespread, especially in the modern world, and as a result human rights
are rendered totally ineffective and the fulfillment of duties is compromised.
(#63)
There is a social duty essentially inherent in the right of private property. (#22)
One of the fundamental duties of civil authorities, therefore, is to
coordinate social relations in such fashion that the exercise of one
person's rights does not threaten others in the exercise of their own
rights nor hinder them in the fulfillment of their duties. (#62)
The natural rights with which We have been dealing are, however,
inseparably connected, in the very person who is their subject, with
just as many respective duties; and rights as well as duties find their
source, their sustenance and their inviolability in the natural law which
grants or enjoins them....
Once this is admitted, it also follows that in human society to
one man's right there corresponds a duty in all other persons:
the duty, namely, of acknowledging and respecting the right in question.
For every fundamental human right draws its indestructible moral force
from the natural law, which in granting it imposes a corresponding obligation.
Those, therefore, who claim their own rights, yet altogether forget or
neglect to carry out their respective duties, are people who build with
one hand and destroy with the other. (#28-30)
Since men are social by nature they are meant to live with others and
to work for one another's welfare. A well-ordered human society requires
that men recognize and observe their mutual rights and duties. It also
demands that each contribute generously to the establishment of a civic
order in which rights and duties are more sincerely and effectively
acknowledged and fulfilled.
It is not enough, for example, to acknowledge and respect every man's
right to the means of subsistence if we do not strive to the best of our
ability for a sufficient supply of what is necessary for his sustenance.
(#31-32)
It is in keeping with their dignity as persons that human being should
take an active part in government. (#73)
This statement of St. Augustine seems to be very apt in this regard:
"What are kingdoms without justice but large bands of robbers." (#92)
If we turn our attention to the economic sphere it is clear that man
has a right by the natural law not only to an opportunity to work,
but also to go about his work without coercion. (#18)
Indeed since the whole reason for the existence of civil authorities
is the realization of the common good, it is clearly necessary that,
in pursuing this objective, they should respect its essential elements,
and at the same time conform their laws to the circumstances
of the day. (#54)
The dignity of the human person involves the right to take an active
part in public affairs and to contribute one's part to the common good
of the citizens. For, as Our Predecessor of happy memory, Pius XII,
pointed out: "The human individual, far from being an object and,
as it were, a merely passive element in the social order, is in fact,
must be and must continue to be, its subject, its foundation and its end."
(#26)
Furthermore--and this must be specially emphasized--the worker
has a right to a wage determined according to criterions of justice,
and sufficient, therefore, n proportion to theavailable resources,
to give workers and their families a standard of living in keeping
with the dignity of the human person. (#20)
Since women are becoming ever more conscious of their human
dignity, they will not tolerate being treated as mere material instruments,
but demand rights befitting a human person both in domestic and in
public life. (#41)
It is clearly laid down that the paramount task assigned to
government officials is that of recognizing, respecting, reconciling,
protecting and promoting the rights and duties of citizens. (#77)
Once again we exhort our people to take an active part in public life,
and to contribute towards the attainment of the common good of the
entire human family as well as to that of their own country. They
should endeavor, therefore, in the light of the Faith and with the
strength of love, to ensure that the various institutions--whether
economic, social, cultural or political in purpose -- should be such as
not to create obstacles, but rather to facilitate or render less arduous
people's perfectioning of themselves both in the natural order as well as
in the supernatural. (#146)
The government should make similarly effective efforts to see that
those who are able to work can find employment in keeping with their
aptitudes, and that each worker receives a wage in keeping with the
laws of justice and equity. It should be equally the concern of civil
authorities to ensure that workers be allowed their proper responsibility
in the work undertaken in industrial organization, and to facilitate the
establishment of intermediate groups which will make social life richer
and more effective. (#64)